Contactless ic card system

ABSTRACT

In a contactless IC card system, a modulating circuit manufactured in an IC form is operable at a high power efficiency. The demodulating apparatus is configured to include: first signal output means for outputting a first output signal having a predetermined phase with respect to that of an input signal, a second signal output means for outputting a second output signal having a predetermined phase with respect to that of the input signal, gate means for gating at least the second output signal, calculation means for adding, or subtracting the first output signal and the second output signal; and control means for controlling the operation of the gate means in response to a logic level of input data.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This is a divisional of Application No. 10/442,736, filed May 21, 2003,which is a divisional of Application No. 09/751,140, filed Dec. 29,2000, which is a divisional of Application No. 09/327,757, filed Jun. 7,1999 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,361 on Mar. 6, 2001.

The present invention generally relates to a contactless IC card system.More specifically, the present invention is directed to an amplifyingcircuit, a modulating circuit, a demodulating circuit, a transmitterapparatus, and a receiver apparatus, applicable to a contactless IC cardcapable of reading/writing various sorts of data in a contactlessmanner, and is also applicable to an IC card reader/writer capable ofcommunicating data with this contactless IC card.

Conventionally, in IC card systems which employ IC cards, these IC cardsystems are applied to ticket inspection systems used in transportationfacilities, and person entrance/exit management systems for rooms. Suchconventional IC card systems utilize IC cards carried by users and ICcard readers/writers capable of transmitting/receiving various sorts ofdata between the IC cards and the readers/writers. These data may betransmitted/received in the contactless manner between the IC cards andthe IC card readers/writers.

In other words, in this sort of IC card system, an IC card reader/writermodulates a carrier wave having a preselected frequency by using adesired data stream so as to produce a transmission signal, and thentransmits this produced transmission signal to the IC card.

The IC card receives this transmission signal via an antenna, and thendemodulates this transmission signal to decode the data sent from the ICcard reader/writer. Furthermore, the IC card modulates internally saveddata, such as personal data, by using a preselected carrier wave inresponse to this received data, and then sends out the modulated data tothe IC card reader/writer.

Then, the IC card reader/writer receives the data sent from this ICcard. Based upon this received data, a door of a ticket inspectionmachine is opened/closed. Also, any person is allowed to enter into aroom, and/or to come out from this room.

In such a conventional IC card system, these data are modulated by theASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) modulating method, and then theASK-modulated data is transmitted/received between the IC card and thecard reader/writer. Conventionally, as such a modulating means for anASK modulation signal, a modulating circuit with using a variable gainamplifying circuit, and a multiplying circuit is employed. Also, as sucha demodulating means for the ASK modulation signal, a demodulatingcircuit with using an envelope detecting circuit constructed of a diode,and using a synchronization detecting circuit is employed.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram for showing one conventionalmodulating circuit constructed of this variable gain amplifying circuit.In this modulating circuit 1, the gain of the variable gain amplifyingcircuit 2 is switched in response to a logic level of a data stream D tobe sent. Also, a carrier signal SC is amplified by this variable gainamplifying circuit 2. As a result, this modulating circuit 1 modulatesthe amplitude of the carrier signal SC outputted from the variable gainamplifying circuit 2 in response to the logic level of the data stream Dso as to produce an ASK modulation signal SM.

Also, FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram for indicating anotherconventional modulating circuit arranged by a balanced modulatingcircuit with employment of a multiplying circuit. In this modulatingcircuit 3, the carrier signal SC is multiplied by the data stream D inthe multiplying circuit 4, and while the amplitude of this carriersignal SC is varied in response to the logic level of the data stream D,the ASK modulation signal SM is produced.

In contrast, FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram for showing oneconventional demodulating circuit arranged by an envelope detectingcircuit with employment of a diode. In this demodulating circuit 6, theASK modulation signal SM is rectified by employing the diode D.Furthermore, this rectified ASK modulation signal SM is entered into asmoothing circuit having a predetermined time constant defined by aresistor R and a capacitor C. As a result, the envelope-detected outputof the ASK modulation signal is outputted as the demodulation signal SD.

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram for representing anotherconventional demodulating circuit arranged by a synchronizationdetecting circuit. In this demodulating circuit 8, a carrier signalcomponent SCC is extracted from the ASK modulation signal SM byemploying a phase-synchronization system circuit 9 arranged by, forexample, a filter circuit arrangement and a PLL circuit arrangement.Both this carrier signal component SCC is multiplied by the ASKmodulation signal SM by a multiplying circuit 10. In the demodulatingcircuit 8, a baseband component is extracted from the multiplied resultof this multiplying circuit 10 by a low-pass filter (LPF) 12 to therebybe outputted as the demodulation signal SD.

On the other hand, the following demands are made in these conventionalIC card systems. That is, these modulating circuits and demodulatingcircuits can be simply and readily manufactured in the IC form incombination with other circuit blocks. Moreover, thesemodulating/demodulating circuits can be operated in high efficiencies.

Moreover, these modulating circuits and demodulating circuits withemployment of the conventional circuit arrangements can hardly satisfythe necessary items for the IC card systems.

In further detail, in the modulating circuit arranged by the variablegain amplifying circuit, the voltage range which can be effectivelyutilized by the variable gain amplifying circuit is limited. Thisvoltage range limitation causes the lower power efficiency of theconventional modulating circuit. Also, as to the modulating circuit withemployment of the multiplying circuit, there are such drawbacks that thecircuit arrangement becomes complex, and this complex modulating circuitcannot be simply and readily manufactured in the IC form.

For instance, also in the power amplifying circuit for the ASKmodulation signal, which is similarly required to be manufactured in theIC form similar to such modulating circuits, the ASK modulation signalmust be amplified while saving a change contained in the amplitudes ofthis ASK modulation signal. After all, this power amplifying circuitmust be operated in the better linearity region. This causes a powerefficiency to be lowered also in the power amplifying circuit. Also,this power amplifying circuit has a drawback in that in order totransmit sufficiently high power, the active elements capable ofsatisfying the necessary allowable current and the allowable loss mustbe used instead of commercially available general-purpose electroniccomponents.

In contrast, the demodulating circuit arranged by the envelope detectingcircuit with employment of the diode owns such a drawback that a leakagecurrent is produced in the diode when this demodulating circuit ismanufactured in the IC form, and therefore, the detection efficiency ofthe ASK modulation signal is considerably lowered. In other words, asshown in FIG. 5, when an envelope detecting circuit with employment of adiode is manufactured in the IC form, both polarities must be set tofloating potentials at the diode D. As a result, a stray transistor isnecessarily produced. Accordingly, as represented in FIG. 6, a leakagecurrent is produced.

On the other hand, in the conventional demodulating circuit arranged bythe synchronization detecting circuit, there is another drawback in thatthe circuit arrangement of the phase synchronization system circuit 9becomes complex.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been made to solve the above-explaineddrawbacks of the prior art, and therefore, has an object to provide amodulating circuit, a demodulating circuit, an amplifying circuit usedin this modulating circuit, and furthermore, a transmitter apparatus aswell as a receiver apparatus with employment of these modulating circuitand demodulating circuit, which can be simply and easily manufacturedwith an IC form in combination with other circuit blocks, and also whichcan be operated in high efficiencies.

Another object of the present invention is to provide the followingmodulating circuit, amplifying circuit applicable to this modulatingcircuit, and also a transmitter apparatus with using this modulatingcircuit. That is, first and second output signals having predeterminedphases with respect to an input signal are added to each other, and theadded result is outputted. At least, the second output signal is gatedin response to the input data. Also, on the output side of a poweramplifying circuit, the power-amplified results are attenuated inaccordance with the input data so as to produce an amplitude-modulatedsignal. This circuit arrangement can be simply and readily manufacturedin the IC form together with other circuit blocks.

Also, since amplitude-modulated signals are biased to be amplified, orclamped, a demodulating circuit and a receiver apparatus with using thisdemodulating circuit can be simply and easily manufactured in the ICform in combination with other circuit blocks.

Furthermore, amplitude-modulated signals are clamped, polarities ofthese amplitude-modulated signals are judged to multiply the polarityjudgment result by the amplitude-modulated signals, and furthermore, theamplitude-modulated signals are selectively outputted based upon thepolarity judgment results of the amplitude-modulated signals. As aresult, another demodulating circuit and another receiver apparatus withusing this demodulating circuit can be simply and readily manufacturedin the IC form together with other circuit blocks.

To achieve the above-described objects, a modulating circuit, accordingto a first aspect of the present invention, includes:

first signal output means for outputting a first output signal having apredetermined phase with respect to that of an input signal;

a second signal output means for outputting a second output signalhaving a predetermined phase with respect to that of the input signal;

gate means for gating at least the second output signal;

calculation means for adding, or subtracting the first output signal andthe second output signal; and

control means for controlling the operation of the gate means inresponse to a logic level of input data.

Also, a modulating circuit as recited in the first aspect, according toa second aspect, is configured so that:

the first signal output means outputs the first output signal having thesame phase as that of the input signal; and

the second signal output means outputs the second output signal havingthe phase opposite to that of the input signal.

Another aspect of the above-described modulating circuit as recited inthe first aspect, according to a third aspect, is configured so that:

the first signal output means power-amplifies the first output signal tooutput the power-amplified first output signal; and

the second signal output means power-amplifies the second output signalto output the power-amplified second output signal.

A modulating circuit as recited in the first aspect, according to afourth aspect, includes features wherein:

the input signal is constituted by a sine wave signal having a singlefrequency.

A modulating circuit as recited in the first aspect, according to afifth aspect, includes features wherein:

the input signal is constituted by a rectangular wave signal having asingle frequency.

A modulating circuit as recited in the fifth aspect, according to asixth aspect, includes features wherein:

the second signal output means outputs the second output signal havingthe phase opposite to that of the input signal by inverting the logiclevel of the input signal.

A modulating circuit as recited in the third aspect, according to aseventh aspect, includes features wherein:

the gate means controls to stop the power amplifying process operationby the second signal output means so as to gate the second outputsignal; and

the second signal output means maintains an impedance of an outputterminal at a high impedance for a time period during which the poweramplifying process operation is stopped.

A modulating circuit as recited in the third aspect, according to aneighth aspect, includes features wherein:

both the first output signal means and the second output signal meansare arranged by a switching circuit for switching operations in responseto the input signal.

A modulating circuit as recited in the third aspect, according to aninth aspect, includes features wherein:

at least the second signal output means and the gate means are tri-statebuffer circuits.

A modulating circuit as recited in the first aspect, according to atenth aspect, includes features wherein:

the first signal output means outputs the first output signal from afirst antenna;

the second signal output means outputs the second output signal from asecond antenna; and

the calculation means is formed by way of an electromagnetic couplingbetween the first antenna and the second antenna.

Also, to achieve the above-described objects, an amplifying circuit,according to an eleventh aspect of the present invention, includes anamplifying circuit in which an operation of a field-effect transistor isswitched in response to an input signal so as to output apower-amplified signal of the input signal from the field-effecttransistor, comprising:

a drive circuit for switching the operation of the field-effecttransistor by applying a voltage to a gate of the field-effecttransistor, the voltage being higher than, or equal to a source-to-drainvoltage of the field-effect transistor.

An amplifying circuit as recited in the eleventh aspect, according to atwelfth aspect, includes features wherein:

an output terminal is constituted in such a manner that the outputterminal can be set to a high impedance.

Further, to achieve the above-explained objects, an amplifying circuit,according to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention, includes:

first variable resistor means, one end of which is held at a firstpotential, and the resistance value of which is varied in response to afirst control signal;

second variable resistor means, one end of which is connected to theother end of the first variable resistor means, the other end of whichis held at a second potential different from the first potential, andthe resistance value of which is varied in response to a second controlsignal; and

control means for switching a signal level of the first control signaland a signal level of the second control signal so as to switch apotential at a connection center point between the first variableresistor means and the second variable resistor means to anotherpotential corresponding to the first and second potentials, and also soas to switch an impedance of the connection center point to a highimpedance in response to both an input signal and a control signal.

An amplifying circuit as recited in the thirteenth aspect according to afourteenth aspect, includes features wherein:

the first variable resistor means and the second variable resistor meansare field-effect transistors.

An amplifying circuit as recited in the fourteenth aspect according to afifteenth aspect, includes features wherein:

the control means switches the signal level of the control signal andthe signal level of the second control signal to a voltage higher than,or equal to a source-to-drain voltage of the field-effect transistor.

To achieve these objects, a transmitter apparatus, according to asixteenth aspect of the present invention, includes a transmitterapparatus for amplitude-modulating input data by using a modulatingcircuit to thereby transmit the amplitude-modulated input data, wherein:

the modulating circuit is comprised of:

first signal output means for outputting a first output signal having apredetermined phase with respect to that of an input signal;

a second signal output means for outputting a second output signalhaving a predetermined phase with respect to that of the input signal;

gate means for gating at least the second output signal;

calculation means for adding, or subtracting the first output signal andthe second output signal; and

control means for controlling the operation of the gate means inresponse to a logic level of input data.

A transmitter apparatus as recited in the sixteenth aspect, according toa seventeenth aspect, includes features wherein:

the first signal output means outputs the first output signal from afirst antenna;

the second signal output means outputs the second output signal from asecond antenna; and

the calculation means is formed by way of an electromagnetic couplingbetween the first antenna and the second antenna.

Also, to achieve the objects, a transmitter apparatus according to aneighteenth aspect of the present invention, includes a transmitterapparatus for amplitude-modulating input data to thereby transmit theamplitude-modulated input data, which:

a first modulating circuit for producing a first amplitude-modulatedsignal in response to the input data; and

a second modulating circuit for producing a second amplitude-modulatedsignal made of a carrier wave having a phase opposite to that of thefirst amplitude-modulated signal; wherein:

each of the first modulating circuit and the second modulating circuitis comprised of:

first signal output means for outputting a first output signal having apredetermined phase with respect to that of an input signal;

a second signal output means for outputting a second output signalhaving a predetermined phase with respect to that of the input signal;

gate means for gating at least the second output signal;

calculation means for adding, or subtracting the first output signal andthe second output signal; and

control means for controlling the operation of the gate means inresponse to a logic level of input data.

To achieve these objects, a modulating circuit, according to anineteenth aspect of the present invention, includes:

a variable attenuator provided at an output terminal of a poweramplifying circuit, for attenuating a power-amplified result of thepower amplifying circuit in response to an input signal.

A modulating circuit as recited in the nineteenth aspect, according to atwentieth aspect, includes features wherein:

the signal amplified by the power amplifying circuit is constituted by asine wave signal having a single frequency.

A modulating circuit as recited in the nineteenth aspect, according to atwenty-first aspect, includes features wherein:

the signal amplified by the power amplifying circuit is constituted by arectangular wave signal having a single frequency.

Further, to achieve the above objects, a transmitter apparatus,according to a twenty-second aspect of the present invention, isfeatured by such a transmitter apparatus comprising a modulating circuitby way of an amplitude modulation, wherein:

the modulating circuit is includes:

a variable attenuator provided at an output terminal of a poweramplifying circuit, for attenuating a power-amplified result of thepower amplifying circuit in response to an input signal.

Also, to achieve these objects, a transmitter apparatus, according to atwenty-third aspect of the present invention, is featured by such atransmitter apparatus for amplitude-modulating an input signal tothereby transmit the amplitude-modulated input signal, includes:

a first modulating circuit for producing a first amplitude-modulatedsignal in response to the input signal; and

a second modulating circuit for producing a second amplitude-modulatedsignal made of a carrier wave having a phase opposite to that of thefirst amplitude-modulated signal in response to the input signal;wherein:

each of the first modulating circuit and the second modulating circuitincludes:

a variable attenuator provided at an output terminal of a poweramplifying circuit, for attenuating a power-amplified result of thepower amplifying circuit in response to an input signal.

Also, to achieve the objects, a demodulating circuit, according to atwenty-fourth aspect of the present invention includes:

amplifying means for amplifying an input signal;

bias means for biasing the input signal; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the input signal fromthe output signal derived from the amplifying means.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the twenty-fourth aspect, accordingto a twenty-fifth aspect, includes features wherein:

the amplifying means corresponds to any one of an amplifying circuitwith employment of a transistor, another amplifying circuit withemployment of a field-effect transistor, and a differential amplifiercircuit.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the twenty-fourth aspect, accordingto a twenty-sixth aspect, is featured by that:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

also, to achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according to atwenty-seventh aspect of the present invention, is featured by such areceiver apparatus for demodulating sequentially-enteredamplitude-modulated signals by using a demodulating circuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit is comprised of:

amplifying means for amplifying the amplitude-modulated signal;

bias means for biasing the amplitude-modulated signal; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatingsignal from the output signal derived from the amplifying means.

Also, to achieve these objects, a demodulating circuit, according to atwenty-eighth aspect of the present invention, is featured includes:

a limiter for limiting an amplitude of an input signal; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the input signal fromthe output signal derived from the limiter.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the twenty-eighth aspect, accordingto a twenty-ninth aspect, includes features wherein:

the limiter is constituted by a series circuit formed by connecting adiode in series to a constant voltage power source.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the twenty-eighth aspect, accordingto a thirtieth aspect, includes features wherein:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

Also, to achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according to athirty-first aspect of the present invention, includes features fordemodulating sequentially-entered amplitude-modulated signals by using ademodulating circuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit includes:

a limiter for limiting the amplitude of the amplitude-modulated signal;and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the output signal of the limiter.

Further, a demodulating circuit, according to a thirty-second aspect ofthe present invention, includes:

clamping means for clamping an input signal; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the input signal fromthe output signal of the clamping means.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the thirty-second aspect, accordingto a thirty-third aspect, includes features wherein:

the clamping means is constituted by a grounded type diode.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the thirty-second aspect, accordingto a thirty-fourth aspect, includes features wherein:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

Also, to achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according to athirty-fifth aspect of the present invention, includes features fordemodulating sequentially-entered amplitude-modulated signals by using ademodulating circuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit includes:

clamping means for clamping the amplitude-modulated signal; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the output signal of the clamping means.

Also, to achieve the object, a demodulating circuit, according to athirty-sixth aspect of the present invention, is featured by such ademodulating circuit comprising:

signal processing means for producing first and second input signalshaving phases different from a phase of an input signal by approximately180 degrees;

first clamping circuit for clamping the first input signal;

second clamping circuit for clamping the second input signal;

first band limiting means for removing a component of the first inputsignal from the output signal of the first clamping circuit;

second band limiting means for removing a component of the second inputsignal from the output signal of the first clamping means; and

calculating means for adding, or averaging the output signal of thefirst band limiting means and the output signal of the second bandlimiting means.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the thirty-sixth aspect, accordingto a thirty-seventh aspect, includes features wherein:

the first and second clamping means are constituted by a grounded typediode.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the thirty-sixth aspect, accordingto a thirty-eighth aspect, is featured by that:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

To achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according to athirty-ninth aspect of the present invention, features a receiverapparatus for demodulating sequentially-entered amplitude-modulatedsignals by using a demodulating circuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit includes:

signal processing means for producing first and secondamplitude-modulated signals having phases different from a phase of theamplitude-modulated signal by approximately 180 degrees;

first clamping circuit for clamping the first amplitude-modulatedsignal;

second clamping circuit for clamping the second amplitude-modulatedsignal;

first band limiting means for removing a component of the firstamplitude-modulated signal from the output signal of the first clampingcircuit;

second band limiting means for removing a component of the secondamplitude-modulated signal from the output signal of the first clampingmeans; and

calculating means for adding, or averaging the output signal of thefirst band limiting means and the output signal of the second bandlimiting means.

Further, to achieve the objects, a demodulating circuit, according to afortieth aspect of the present invention, includes:

signal processing means for producing first and second input signalshaving phases different from a phase of an input signal by approximately180 degrees;

first clamping circuit for clamping the first input signal;

second clamping circuit for clamping the second input signal;

calculating means for adding, or averaging the output signal of thefirst band limiting means and the output signal of the second bandlimiting means; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the input signal fromthe output signal of the calculating means.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the fortieth aspect, according to aforty-first aspect, includes features wherein:

the first and second clamping means are constituted by a grounded typediode.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the fortieth aspect, according to aforty-second aspect, includes features wherein:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

To achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according to a 43rd aspectof the present invention, includes features for demodulatingsequentially entered amplitude-modulated signals by using a demodulatingcircuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit includes:

signal processing means for producing first and secondamplitude-modulated signals having phases different from a phase of theamplitude-modulated signal by approximately 180 degrees;

first clamping circuit for clamping the first amplitude-modulatedsignal;

second clamping circuit for clamping the second amplitude-modulatedsignal;

calculating means for adding, or averaging the output signal of thefirst band limiting means and the output signal of the second bandlimiting means; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the output signal of the calculating means.

To achieve the objects, a demodulating apparatus, according to aforty-fourth aspect of the present invention, a demodulating apparatusincluding:

polarity judging means for judging a polarity of an amplitude-modulatedsignal to thereby output a polarity judgment result;

multiplying means for multiplying the polarity judgment result by theamplitude-modulated signal to thereby output a multiplication result;and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the multiplication result.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the forty-fourth aspect, accordingto a forty-fifth aspect, includes features wherein:

the polarity judging means is constituted by a limiter for limiting theamplitude of the amplitude-modulated signal on a positive side and on anegative side.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the forty-fourth aspect, accordingto a forty-sixth aspect, includes features wherein:

the multiplying means is constructed of a double balanced mixer.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the forty-fourth aspect, accordingto a forty-seventh aspect, is featured by that:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

Furthermore, to achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according toa forty-eighth aspect of the present invention, is featured by such areceiver apparatus for demodulating sequentially-enteredamplitude-modulated signals by using a demodulating circuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit includes:

polarity judging means for judging a polarity of an amplitude-modulatedsignal to thereby output a polarity judgment result;

multiplying means for multiplying the polarity judgment result by theamplitude-modulated signal to thereby output a multiplication result;and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the multiplication result.

Moreover, to achieve the objects, a demodulating circuit, according to aforty-ninth aspect of the present invention, includes:

signal producing means for producing first and secondamplitude-modulated signals having phases inverted from each other froman amplitude-modulated signal;

polarity judging means for judging a polarity of one of theamplitude-modulated signal, the first amplitude-modulated signal, andthe second amplitude-modulated signal to thereby output a polarityjudgment result;

selecting/outputting means for selectively outputting the firstamplitude-modulated signal and the second amplitude-modulated signalbased upon the polarity judgment result; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the output signal of the selecting/outputting means.

A demodulating circuit as recited in the forty-ninth aspect, accordingto a fiftieth aspect, includes features wherein:

the band limiting means corresponds to any one of a low-pass filter, aband-pass filter, and a trap filter.

Also, to achieve the objects, a receiver apparatus, according to afifty-first aspect of the present invention, includes a receiverapparatus for demodulating sequentially-entered amplitude-modulatedsignals by using a demodulating circuit, wherein:

the demodulating circuit is comprised of:

signal producing means for producing first and secondamplitude-modulated signals having phases inverted from each other froman amplitude-modulated signal;

polarity judging means for judging a polarity of one of theamplitude-modulated signal, the first amplitude-modulated signal, andthe second amplitude-modulated signal to thereby output a polarityjudgment result;

selecting/outputting means for selectively outputting the firstamplitude-modulated signal and the second amplitude-modulated signalbased upon the polarity judgment result; and

band limiting means for removing a component of the amplitude-modulatedsignal from the output signal of the selecting/outputting means.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is madeof a detailed description to be read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram for showing a conventionalmodulating circuit with using a variable gain amplifying circuit;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram for indicating another conventionalmodulating circuit with using a multiplying circuit;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram for representing a conventionaldemodulating circuit with employment of a diode by way of an envelopedetection;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram for indicating another conventionaldemodulating circuit by way of a phase synchronization detection;

FIG. 5 schematically shows an integrated circuit arrangement of theconventional demodulating circuit shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a connection diagram for schematically indicating anequivalent circuit of the integrated demodulating circuit shown in FIG.5;

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram for representing an overallarrangement of an IC card system according to a first embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram for showing amodulating/demodulating circuit of the IC card system according to thefirst embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram for indicating a basic structure ofa modulating circuit applied to an IC card reader/writer according to afirst embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a table for explaining operation of the modulating circuitshown in FIG. 9.;

FIGS. 11(A)-11(D) are time charts for describing the operation of themodulating circuit indicated in FIG. 9;

FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram for indicating a concrete circuitarrangement of the modulating circuit shown in FIG. 9;

FIG. 13 is a connection diagram for representing a power amplifyingcircuit shown in FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a table for explaining operation of a control logic of thepower amplifying circuit shown in FIG. 12;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram for representing a modulatingcircuit applied to an IC card reader/writer, according to a secondembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram for representing a basic structureof a modulating circuit applied to an IC card reader/writer, accordingto a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a connection diagram for explaining a variable attenuatorshown in FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a connection diagram for explaining a grounded type variableattenuator as to the variable attenuator of FIG. 16;

FIG. 19 is a connection diagram for explaining a combined structurebetween the arrangement shown in FIG. 17 and the arrangement shown inFIG. 18 as to the variable attenuator of FIG. 16;

FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram for showing a concrete circuitarrangement of the modulating circuit shown in FIG. 16;

FIG. 21 is a schematic block diagram for indicating a modulating circuitapplied to an IC card reader/writer, according to a fourth embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 22 is a schematic block diagram for showing a basic structure of ademodulating circuit applied to an IC card reader/writer, according to afifth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a characteristic curve diagram for explaining a bias of amodulation signal used in FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 is a schematic block diagram for showing a circuit arrangementconstituted by replacing the bias of the demodulating circuit shown inFIG. 22 by a limiter;

FIG. 25 is a characteristic curve diagram for explaining an amplitudelimiter in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 is a schematic block diagram for representing a concretearrangement of the demodulating circuit shown in FIG. 22;

FIG. 27 is a schematic block diagram for indicating a modulating circuitapplied to an IC card reader/writer, according to a sixth embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 28 is a schematic block diagram for showing a demodulating circuitapplied to an IC card reader/writer, according to a seventh embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 29 is a schematic block diagram for showing a basic structure of ademodulating circuit applied to an IC card reader/writer, according toan eighth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 30 is a schematic block diagram for representing a concretearrangement of the demodulating circuit shown in FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 is a schematic block diagram for showing a demodulating circuitapplied to an IC card reader/writer, according to a ninth embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 32 is a schematic block diagram for representing a concretearrangement of the demodulating circuit shown in FIG. 31;

FIG. 33 is a schematic block diagram for showing a demodulating circuitapplied to an IC card reader/writer, according to a tenth embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 34 is a schematic block diagram for showing a basic structure of ademodulating circuit applied to an IC card reader/writer, according toan eleventh embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 35 is a schematic block diagram for representing a concretearrangement of the demodulating circuit shown in FIG. 34;

FIG. 36 is a schematic block diagram for showing a basic arrangement ofa demodulating circuit applied to an IC card reader/writer, according toa twelfth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 37 is a schematic block diagram for indicating a concretearrangement of the demodulating circuit shown in FIG. 36; and

FIG. 38 is a connection diagram for representing a switch circuit ofFIG. 37.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to drawings, various preferred embodiments of the presentinvention will be described.

Circuit Arrangement of First Embodiment

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram for showing an IC (IntegratedCircuit) card system 21 according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention. This first IC card system 21 is applied to, for example, aticket inspection system of transportation facilities. In this IC cardsystem 21, data is communicated between an IC card 22 and an IC cardreader/writer 23.

In this case, the IC card 22 is formed in a card shape in such a mannerthat a (circuit) board on which an integrated circuit is mounted isstacked with a protection sheet. In this IC card 22, a loop antenna 24is formed by a wiring pattern formed on this board. Also, amodulating/demodulating circuit 25 and a signal processing circuit 26are constituted by the integrated circuit mounted on this board.

In this embodiment, the loop antenna 24 is coupled to another loopantenna 28 of the IC card reader/writer 23 so as to receive atransmission signal transmitted from this loop antenna 28, and also toradiate a response (acknowledge) signal produced by themodulating/demodulating circuit 25.

The modulating/demodulating circuit 25 produces electric power, a clocksignal, and the like, which are required for the operations of this ICcard 22 by using the transmit signal received by the loop antenna 24.Furthermore, the modulating/demodulating circuit 25 is operated by usingthis electric power and the clock signal to demodulate a data stream“D(R→C)” transmitted from the reader/writer 23 (will be referred to as a“transmit data stream” hereinafter), and then outputs the demodulateddata stream to the signal processing circuit 26. In response to anotherdata stream “D(C→R)” entered from the signal processing circuit 26 andrequested by the transmit data stream “D(R→C)”, thismodulating/demodulating circuit 25 produces a response signal based uponan ASK modulation signal. In response of this response signal, themodulating/demodulating circuit 25 drives the loop antenna 24 so as toradiate a response signal. This response data stream will be referred toas a “response data stream D(C→R)” hereinafter.

The signal processing circuit 26 is operated by the electric power andthe clock generated from the modulating/demodulating circuit 25 so as toanalyze the transmit data stream D(R→C), and to output the response datastream D(C→R) saved in a non-volatile memory build in this IC card tothe modulating/demodulating circuit 25, if required.

In the reader/writer 23, the modulating/demodulating circuit 29 producesa transmit signal by the ASK modulation signal based upon a transmitdata stream D(R→C) entered from an SPU (signal process unit) 30, anddrives the loop antenna 28 by this transmit signal. Also, themodulating/demodulating circuit 29 performs a signal process operationof the response signal received by this loop antenna 28 so as todemodulate the response data stream “D(C→R)” transmitted from the ICcard 22, and then outputs this demodulated response data stream D(C→R)to the SPU 30.

The SPU 30 is arranged by a calculation processing unit for executing arelatively simple process sequence. This SPU 30 sends out the transmitdata stream “D(R→C)” to the modulating/demodulating circuit 29, and alsoprocesses the response data stream “D(C→R)” entered from thismodulating/demodulating circuit 29. This transmit data stream D(R→C) isto be transmitted to the IC card 22. In this process operation, the SPU30 causes a display unit 31 to display thereon a process history and aprocess result, if required. In response to a command supplied from aninput unit 32, the operations of the SPU 30 are switched so as toinput/output data about the process sequence in/from an externalapparatus 33 or the like, if necessary.

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram for partially indicating a circuitstructure of the modulating/demodulating circuit 29 employed in thereader/writer 23. As shown in this drawing, the modulating/demodulatingcircuit 29 is arranged by a transmission-sided block 45 and areception-sided block 46.

In this embodiment, the transmission-sided block 45 modulates thetransmit data stream “(D(R→C)” outputted from the SPU 30 in response toa control signal “RFoff” outputted from the SPU 30 to thereby send outthe modulated transmit data stream D(R→C) from the loop antenna 28. As aresult, the transmission-sided block 45 produces a carrier signal SChaving a frequency of 13.56 [MHz] by operating an oscillator circuitbuilt in this transmission-sided block 45. Also, this transmission-sidedblock 45 decodes the transmit data stream “D(C→R)” so as to be convertedinto a transmit data stream by the Manchester code.

In an ASK modulating circuit 47 of the transmission-sided block 45, thecarrier signal SC is ASK-modulated by using the transmit data stream“TX(D(R→C))” which is coded in this manner to thereby produce an ASKmodulation signal “ISM”. Furthermore, this ASK modulation signal “SM” isamplified by a power amplifying circuit 48 to thereby drive the loopantenna 28 by this amplified ASK modulation signal “SM”.

The reception-sided block 46 processes the response signal SM obtainedvia the loop antenna 28 so as to demodulate the response data stream“D(C→R)”. In other words, the reception-sided block 46 detects theresponse signal SM obtained via the loop antenna 28 so as to produce adetecting signal “SD” in the ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) detectingcircuit 49. The signal level of this detection signal SD is changed inresponse to the logic level of the response data stream “D(C→R)”. Thereception-sided block 46 limits the pass band of this detection signalSD by a low-pass filter (LPF) 50 subsequent to the ASK detecting circuit49, and thereafter, amplifies the filtered detection signal by apredetermined gain using an amplifying circuit 51 and furthermore,digitalizes the amplified detection signal. Furthermore, thereception-sided block 46 decodes this binary-coded data, and thus,reproduces and outputs the response data stream “D(C→R)” based on thisbinary-coded data.

Basic Circuit Arrangement of Transmitting Circuit

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram for showing a basic circuitarrangement of the above-described ASK modulating circuit 47 and poweramplifying circuit 48 (will be referred to as a “transmitting circuit”55 hereinafter). This transmitting circuit 55 contains two signal paths(systems) of processing circuits 55A and 55B, which each have a poweramplifying circuit.

In this case, the first processing unit 55A receives the carrier signalSC via a buffer amplifying circuit 56, and then enters the output signalof the buffer amplifying circuit 56 into a second selection inputterminal of a selecting circuit 57. This output signal from the bufferamplifying circuit 56 has the same phase as that of the carrier signalSC. In this case, this selecting circuit 57 enters a signal having aphase opposite to that of the carrier signal SC into a first selectioninput terminal, and grounds the remaining third selection inputterminal. This signal having the opposite phase is derived from thesecond processing circuit 55B. The selecting circuit 57 switchescontacts under control of a control circuit 58, and a power amplifyingcircuit 59 provided subsequent to this selecting circuit 57 amplifiesthe output signal derived from the selecting circuit 57.

As a result, the first processing circuit 55A is arranged in such amanner that the selecting circuit 57 switches the first contact and thesecond contact, so that the signal having the phase opposite to that ofthe carrier signal SC can be gated. Similarly, this first processingcircuit 55A is so arranged that the selecting circuit 57 switches thesecond contact and the third contact, so that the signal having the samephase as that of the carrier signal SC can be gated.

In contrast, the second processing circuit 55B enters the carrier signalSC into a buffer amplifying circuit 60 having the same amplificationfactor as that of the buffer amplifying circuit 56, which is arranged byan inverting amplifying circuit. As a result, the second processingcircuit 55B produces a signal having a phase opposite to that of thebuffer amplifying circuit 60, and inputs this signal having the oppositephase into a first selecting input terminal of a selecting circuit 61.In this case, this selecting circuit 61 enters a signal having a phaseopposite to that of the carrier signal SC into a second selection inputterminal, and grounds the remaining third selection input terminal. Thissignal having the opposite phase is derived from the first processingcircuit 55A. The selecting circuit 61 switches contacts under control ofthe control circuit 58, and a power amplifying circuit 62 providedsubsequent to this selecting circuit 61 amplifies the output signalderived from the selecting circuit 61.

As a result, the second processing circuit 55B is similarly arranged insuch a manner that the selecting circuit 61 switches the first contactand the third contact, so that the signal having the phase opposite tothat of the carrier signal SC can be gated. Similarly, this secondprocessing circuit 55B is so arranged that the selecting circuit 61switches the second contact and the third contact, so that the signalhaving the same phase as that of the carrier signal SC can be gated.

The transmitting circuit 55 outputs the output-signals derived from thefirst and second processing circuits 55A and 55B by connecting theseprocessing circuits to the antenna by way of a wiring line. As a result,as indicated in FIG. 10, the transmitting circuit 55 is arranged asfollows. Assuming now that the power outputs of the power amplifyingcircuits 59 and 62 are set to “P1” and “P2”, when the contacts of eitherthe selecting circuit 61 or the selecting circuit 57 are switched undersuch a condition that the contacts of either the selecting circuit 57 orthe selecting circuit 61 are positioned on the ground side (namely,condition indicated by “OFF” in FIG. 10), transmit outputs by the poweroutputs P 1 and P2 can be obtained by the in-phase and the reversephase.

Also, the transmitting circuit is so arranged as follows. When theremaining contacts of either the selecting circuit 61 or the selectingcircuit 57 are switched to thereby gate the input signal of either thepower amplifying circuit 62 or the power amplifying circuit 59 undersuch a condition that the contacts of either the selecting circuit 57 orthe selecting circuit 61 are set to either the in-phase side or theopposite side, the power amplified results of the power amplifyingcircuits 59 and 62 are added to each other. Therefore, the transmitoutputs outputted from the antenna can be switched. Accordingly, thetransmitting circuit 55 can obtain the power-amplified ASK modulationsignals SM from the output-terminals of the power amplifying circuits 59and 62.

The control circuit 58 switches the contacts of the selecting circuits57 and 61 in response to the transmit data stream TX, so that the ASKmodulation signal SM is produced from this transmit data stream TX. Inother words, as shown in FIG. 11, under such a condition that the poweroutput from the buffer amplifying circuit 56 is continuously selected onthe side of the selecting circuit 61 (see FIG. 11(C)), the controlcircuit 58 switches the contacts of the selecting circuit 57 in responseto the logic level of the transmit data stream TX so as to gate theinput signal (see FIG. 11 (A) and FIG. 11(B)). As a result, thepower-amplified ASK modulation signal SM is produced (see FIG. 11(D)).It should be noted that although FIG. 11 represents such a case that thecontacts of the selecting circuit 57 are switched between the output ofthe buffer amplifying circuit 56 and the ground, the ASK modulationsignal may be similarly produced by switching-the contacts between othercombinations. Also, even when the selecting operations of the selectingcircuits 57 and 61 are switched, or even when the contacts of theselecting circuits 57 and 61 are switched at the same time, the ASKmodulation signal may be similarly produced.

Concrete Circuit Arrangements of Ask Modulating Circuit/Power AmplifyingCircuit

FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram for showing concrete circuitarrangements of the ASK modulating circuit 47 and the power amplifyingcircuit 48 according to the first embodiment. This transmitting circuit65 contains two signal paths of a transmitting circuit 65A and anothertransmitting circuit 65B, which may drive both terminals of the loopantenna 28. The above-described two signal paths of processing circuits55A and 55B are equivalently arranged in the respective transmittingcircuits 65A and 65B.

That is, the transmitting circuit 65A enters thereinto the carriedsignal SC having the in-phase via the buffer amplifying circuit 66, andthen this carrier signal SC is entered into a power amplifying circuit67 and another power amplifying circuit 68. In this case, as representedin FIG. 13, the power amplifying circuit 67, or 68 is constituted by aP-channel MOS field-effect transistor T1, an N-channel MOS field-effecttransistor T2, and a control logic 70.

Among these circuit elements, the P-channel MOS field-effect transistorT1 is series-connected to the N-channel MOS field-effect transistor T2,and this series-connected transistors are arranged between the powersupply and the ground, and also constitute a switching circuit forswitching a potential at an output terminal arranged by a joint point inresponse to a gate voltage set by the control logic 70.

As indicated in a truth table of FIG. 14, when a control terminal input“OEI” of the control logic 70 is set to as H (high) level, this controllogic 70 sets the gate terminals of the respective field-effecttransistors T1 and T2 to an H level and an L(low) level. In this case,the control logic 70 sets the logic levels of the gate terminals byvarying the voltages at the gate terminals, higher than thedrain-to-source voltage of each of the field-effect transistors T1 andT2. As a consequence, the control logic 70 stops the power amplifyingprocess operation, and further holds the output terminal at the highimpedance.

Also, when the control logic 70 sets the control terminal input OEI toan L level, this control logic 70 switches the gate terminals of thefield-effect transistors T1 and T2 in response to a logic levelappearing at the input terminal “in” thereof. As a result, the controllogic 70 controls to stop the processing operation of the poweramplification in response to the logic level of the input terminal “in”,so that the output signal of the power amplifying circuit can be gatedin response to the logic level of the input terminal “in”.

The power amplifying circuit 67 can stop the power amplifying processoperation by switching a control signal “RFoff”, if required, while thiscontrol signal RFoff is entered to the control terminal input OEI ofthis control logic 70. Since the power amplifying process operation canbe stopped, the resultant power consumption can be reduced.

While the logical OR output of the control signal “RFoff” obtained viaan OR gate 75 and the transmit data stream TX are entered into thecontrol terminal input OEI of the control logic 70, the power amplifyingcircuit 68 can stop the power amplifying operation in conjunction withthe above-described power amplifying circuit 67. Also, while the poweramplifying circuit 67 executes the power amplifying process operation,the power amplifying circuit 68 stops the power amplifying processoperation in response to the logic level of the transmit data stream TX,and also gates the power amplified output having the same phase as thatof the power amplified output by the power amplifying circuit 67. In thecase that the power amplifying process operation is stopped in responseto the logic level of this transmit data stream TX, since the outputterminals of the field-effect transistors T1 and T2 are maintained ashigh impedances, these field-effect transistors T1 and T2 do not givethe load to the power amplifying circuit 67.

As a consequence, both the power amplifying circuits 67 and 68 may eachconstitute a tri-state buffer circuit.

The first transmitting circuit 65A supplies the power amplified outputof the power amplifying circuit 68 to one terminal of the loop antenna28, and also supplies via a resistor 69, the power amplified output ofthe power amplifying circuit 67 to one terminal of this loop antenna 28.As a result, the transmitting circuit 65A adds the power amplifiedoutput of the power amplifying circuit 67 to the power amplified outputof the power amplifying circuit 68 via this resistor 69 so as to producean ASK modulation signal SMA. It should also be noted in thetransmitting circuit 65A that a monitor terminal TMA is arranged at theoutput terminal of the power amplifying circuit 67.

In contrast to the above arrangement, the second transmitting circuit65B is constituted in the same manner to that of the first transmittingcircuit 65A except that a buffer amplifying circuit 71 constructed of aninverting amplifier circuit arrangement is arranged instead of thebuffer amplifying circuit 66 employed in the first transmitting circuit65A, and furthermore, except that the power-amplified output is suppliedto the other terminal of the loop antenna 28. As a result, the secondtransmitting circuit 65B produces another ASK modulation signal “SMB”whose phase is inverted in conjunction with the first transmittingcircuit 65A. This second transmitting circuit 65B drives the loopantenna 28 by using this ASK modulation signal SMB.

Operations of First Embodiment

With employment of the above-described circuit arrangements, in the ICcard system 21 (see FIG. 7 and FIG. 8), the transmit data stream“D(R→C)” which is sent from the IC card reader/writer 23 to the IC card22 is ASK-modulated by the modulating/demodulating circuit 29, and then,the ASK-modulated transmit data stream is transmitted via the loopantenna 28.

As a result, when the IC card 22 is approached to the reader/writer 23,the transmission signal SM is induced by this ASK modulation signal inthe loop antenna 24 of this IC card 22. A portion of this inducedtransmission signal SM is converted into electric power used in the ICcard 22. This converted electric power may drive themodulating/demodulating circuit 25 and the signal processing circuit 26of the IC card 22.

Furthermore, as to the transmission signal SM obtained from this loopantenna 24, the transmit data stream “D(R→C)” is demodulated by themodulating/demodulating circuit 25, and this transmit data stream“D(R→C)” is analyzed by the signal processing circuit 26 so as toproduce the response data stream “D(C→R)” which is transmitted to thereader/writer 23. In the IC card 22, this response data stream“D(C→R)”-is ASK-modulated by the modulating/demodulating circuit 25, andas a result, this resulting ASK modulation signal SM is transmitted as aresponse signal from the loop antenna 24.

As a consequence, the response data stream “D(C→R)” is transmitted fromthe IC card 22 to the reader/writer 23. The response signal SM which hasbeen transmitted in this manner is received by the reader/writer 23 byway of the loop antenna 28 which is coupled to the loop antenna 24.Then, the response data stream “D(C→R)” is demodulated by themodulating/demodulating circuit 29.

The transmit data stream “D(R→C)” which are transmitted/received in thismanner is ASK-modulated by the ASK modulating circuit 47, andthereafter, the ASK-modulated transmit data stream is power-amplified bythe power amplifying circuit 48. Then, the amplified data stream istransmitted via the loop antenna 28.

In accordance with this first embodiment, when the transmit data stream“D(R→C)” is ASK-modulated by this ASK modulating circuit 47 and then,the ASK-modulated transmit data stream is power-amplified by the poweramplifying circuit 48 (see FIG. 9), with respect to the power-amplifiedoutput of the power amplifying circuit 59 for power-amplifying thecarrier signal SC by a predetermined phase, the power-amplified outputof the power amplifying circuit 62 for similarly power-amplifying thecarrier signal SC by a preselected phase is gated to be added inresponse to the logic level of the transmit data stream “D(R→C)”. As aconsequence, the power-amplified ASK modulation signal is produced.

Accordingly, the respective power amplifying circuits 59 and 62 can bedesigned by mainly considering the power efficiency without consideringthe linearity thereof to some extent. Therefore, the power efficienciesof these power amplifying circuit 59 and 62 can be increased, ascompared with those of the conventional power amplifying circuits. Also,these power amplifying circuits 59 and 62 may be constituted byemploying the commercially available electronic components.

To the contrary, as to the ASK modulation, the output signals are merelygated in the power amplifying circuits 59 and 62, so that the ASKmodulation signal can be produced. Therefore, the output signals can beASK-modulated by a simple circuit arrangement suitably manufactured asan integrated circuit. Also, the power efficiency can be increased.

Concretely speaking, with respect to both the power amplifying circuit67 and the power amplifying circuit 68, which are arranged by thetri-state buffer circuits, and amplify the carrier signal SC by the samephase (see FIG. 12), in one power amplifying circuit 67, when thetransmit data stream “D(R→C)” is sent out, the carrier signal SC iscontinuously power-amplified. In contrast thereto, in the other poweramplifying circuit 68, since the carrier signal SC is power-amplified inresponse to the logic level of the transmit data stream “D(R→C)”, thispower-amplified result is gated based on the logic level of the transmitdata stream “D(R→C)”, and then these power-amplified results of thepower amplifier circuits 67 and 68 are added to each other via theresistor 69, so that the loop antenna 28 is driven by this added signal.As a result, in both the terminals of the loop antenna 28, the amplitudeof the power-amplified carrier signal SC is varied in response to thelogic level of the transmit data stream “D(R→C)”, so that the loopantenna 28 is driven by both the ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB.

Accordingly, the respective power amplifying circuits 67 and 68 can bedesigned by mainly considering the power efficiency without consideringthe linearity thereof to some extent. Therefore, the power efficienciesof these power amplifying circuits 67 and 68 can be increased, ascompared with those of the conventional power amplifying circuits. Also,these power amplifying circuits 67 and 68 may be constituted byemploying the commercially available electronic components.

Also, as to the ASK modulation, the power amplifying process operationexecuted by the power amplifying circuit 68 is simply and intermittentlycontrolled to be stopped and the output signal is merely gated, so thatthe ASK modulation signal can be produced. As a result, the ASKmodulation can be carried out by using a simplified circuit arrangementsuitable for manufacturing this circuit arrangement as the IC. Also, thepower efficiency can be increased.

As previously explained, the power amplifying circuits 67 and 68 forpower-amplifying the carrier signal are constituted by series-connectingthe P-channel field-effect transistor TI to the N-channel field-effecttransistor T2 (see FIG. 13). The power amplifying process operation maybe stop-controlled by such a manner that while the gate voltages ofthese P-channel/N-channel field-effect transistors T1/T2 are variedhigher than, or equal to the source-to-drain voltage, these gatevoltages are kept in the H level and the L level, respectively.

As a consequence, when the transmit data stream “D(R→C)” is transmitted,in contrast to the power amplifier circuit 67 for continuouslypower-amplifying the carrier signal SC, in such a power amplifyingcircuit 68 for intermittently power-amplifying the carrier signal inresponse to the logic level of the transmit data stream “D(R→C)”, theoutput terminal thereof is maintained under high impedance state withina time period during which the power amplifying process operation isstopped. The power-amplified output of the power amplifying circuit 67is not consumed by the power amplifying circuit 68 whose amplifyingoperation is stopped. As a result, this control operation can increasethe power efficiency. Also, since substantially no source currents ofthese field-effect transistors T1 and T2 will flow, this may increasethe power efficiency.

Advantages of First Embodiment

In accordance with the above-described circuit arrangement of the firstembodiment, with respect to the power-amplified output of the poweramplifying circuit 59 for power-amplifying the carrier signal SC by apredetermined phase, the power-amplified output of the power amplifyingcircuit 59 for similarly power-amplifying the carrier signal SC by apreselected phase is gated to be added in response to the logic level ofthe transmit data stream “D(R→C)”. As a consequence, the power-amplifiedASK modulation signal can be produced by employing the power amplifyingcircuits which are designed by mainly considering the power efficiencywithout considering the linearity thereof to some extent. Therefore, thepower efficiencies of these power amplifying circuit can be increased,as compared with those of the conventional power amplifying circuits.Also, these power amplifying circuits may be constituted by employingthe commercially available electronic components. Also, these poweramplifying circuits can be simply and readily manufactured in the formof ICs in connection with other circuit blocks. Both the modulatingcircuit and the power amplifying circuits, the efficiencies of which arefurther increased, can be obtained.

Also, since the power amplifying circuit is constituted by employing thetri-state buffer circuit type amplifying circuit, the power efficiencycan be improved by the simple control operation. This tri-state buffercircuit switches the output terminal into the high impedance when theoperation is stopped. As a consequence, these power amplifying circuitscan be simply and readily manufactured in the form of ICs in connectionwith other circuit blocks. The power amplifying circuits, theefficiencies of which are further increased, can be obtained.

Ask Modulating Circuit of Second Embodiment

As shown in FIG. 15 in contrast with FIG. 9, there is indicated a basicidea of an ASK modulating circuit applied to a second embodiment of thepresent invention. In this ASK modulating circuit 79, thepower-amplified results obtained from the power amplifying circuits 59and 62 are supplied to two signal paths of antennas 28A and 28B,respectively. These two power-amplified results are added to each otherin electromagnetic fields transmitted from the antennas 28A and 28B.

As represented in FIG. 15, even when the ASK modulating circuit is soarranged that these two power-amplified results are added to each otherin the electromagnetic fields, it is possible to achieve a similareffect to that of the first embodiment.

Ask Modulating Circuit of Third Embodiment

FIG. 16 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK modulating circuit applied to a third embodiment of the presentinvention. In this third embodiment, this ASK modulating circuit 80 isapplied instead of the ASK modulating circuit 47 and the poweramplifying circuit 48 (see FIG. 8) of the reader/writer 23.

In other words, in the ASK modulating circuit 80, after the carriersignal is amplified by the power amplifying circuit 81, the amplifiedcarrier signal is outputted via a variable attenuator 82. In response tothe transmit data stream TX(D(R→C)), the variable attenuator 82attenuates this carrier signal to thereby output the attenuated carriersignal. As a result, this ASK modulating circuit 80 outputs such an ASKmodulation signal SM, the amplitude of which is varied in response tothe transmit data stream TX(D(R→C)).

As a typical variable attenuator type, for example, the variableattenuator 82 as shown in FIG. 17 is arranged by which a transfer pathis terminated; the variable attenuator 82 as shown in FIG. 18 isarranged which is inserted in series of a transfer path; and also, asrepresented in FIG. 19, two sets of the above-explained variableattenuators are combined with each other.

In further detail, in the ASK modulating circuit according to this thirdembodiment, such an ASK modulating circuit as indicated in FIG. 20 isapplied. That is, in the ASK modulating circuit 90, the carrier signalSC is entered into the buffer amplifying circuit 91, and then, theoutput signal of this buffer amplifying circuit 91 is amplified by thepower amplifying circuit 92. The power amplifying circuit 92 suppliesthe power-amplified result via a resistor 93 to one terminal of the loopantenna 28. This one terminal of the loop antenna 28 is connectedthrough another resistor 94 and a field-effect transistor T3 to theground. As a result, in the ASK modulating circuit 90, the variableattenuator may be constituted in such a way that the attenuation amountis switched by ON/OFF-controlling the field-effect transistor T3, andthe power-amplified result outputted from the power amplifying circuit92 is ASK-modulated by this variable attenuator.

Also, in the ASK modulating circuit 90, the carrier signal SC isinputted to another buffer amplifying circuit 95 arranged as aninverting amplifier circuit, and then, the output signal of this bufferamplifying circuit 95 is amplified by the power amplifying circuit 96.The power amplifying circuit 96 supplies the power-amplified result viaanother resistor 97 to the other terminal of the loop antenna 28. Theother terminal of the loop antenna 28 is connected through anotherresistor 98 and a field-effect transistor T4 to the ground. As a result,in the ASK modulating circuit 90, the variable attenuator may beconstituted in such a way that the attenuation amount is switched byON/OFF-controlling the field-effect transistor T4, and thepower-amplified result outputted from the power amplifying circuit 96 isASK-modulated by this variable attenuator.

In accordance with the circuit arrangement of the third embodiment, onthe output side of the power amplifying circuit, the power-amplifiedresult is attenuated in response to the transmit data stream TX so as toproduce the ASK modulation signal SM. As a consequence, in the poweramplifying circuit, the carrier signal is amplified without saving theamplitude component, so that the ASK modulation signal can be produced.Accordingly, the power amplifying circuit can be operated in thesaturation region, and the power amplifying circuit can be arranged byemploying such general-purpose logic ICs as CMOS standard logic ICs andTTL circuits. As a result, the power efficiency can be increased ascompared with the conventional power amplifying circuit. The ASKmodulating circuit can be arranged by employing the commerciallyavailable general-purpose electronic components. The ASK modulatingcircuit of the third embodiment can be simply and easily manufacturedtogether with other circuit blocks in the IC form. Moreover, it ispossible to arrange the modulating circuit and the power amplifyingcircuit, which can be operated in higher efficiencies.

Ask Modulating Circuit of Fourth Embodiment

As shown in FIG. 21 in contrast with FIG. 16, there is indicated a basicidea of an ASK modulating circuit applied to a fourth embodiment of thepresent invention. In this ASK modulating circuit 100, thepower-amplified result obtained from the power amplifying circuit 81 issupplied to the first antenna 28A, and the variable attenuator 82 isconnected to the second antenna 28B electromagnetically coupled to thisfirst antenna 28A. As a result, in this ASK modulating circuit 100, anelectromagnetic field radiated from the first antenna 28A is varied inresponse to the transmit data stream TX via the second antenna 28B, sothat an ASK modulation signal is radiated toward the IC card.

In accordance with the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 21, even whenthe power-amplified result is attenuated to produce the ASK modulationsignal SM in the electromagnetic field produced on the output side ofthe power amplifying circuit, it is possible to achieve a similar effectto that of the third embodiment.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Fifth Embodiment

FIG. 22 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK demodulating circuit in accordance with a fifth embodiment of thepresent invention. In this fifth embodiment, this ASK demodulatingcircuit 110 is utilized instead of the ASK detecting circuit 49 and thelow-pass filter 50 (see FIG. 8).

This ASK demodulating circuit 110 receives the output signal SM of theloop antenna 28 via a coupling capacitor 111. This output signal SM isbiased by a preselected voltage VB by a resistor 112 and a DC powersupply 113. In this case, this bias voltage VB is set, as shown in agraphic representation of FIG. 23, to such an extent that only a halfwave of an input signal can be hardly amplified in a post-stagedamplifying circuit 114. As a result, in this ASK demodulating circuit110, the response signal SM obtained via the loop antenna 28 ishalf-wave-rectified by the amplifying circuit 114, and then, as to theASK modulation signal corresponding to the response signal, a basebandconverted component of a sideband wave signal made by multiplying acarrier wave by a sideband wave signal is produced. As a result, thisbaseband converted component may constitute a demodulation signal SD ofthe ASK modulation signal.

Alternatively, a limiter is arranged on the output side of theamplifying circuit 114 as shown in FIG. 24, and then, only the half waveof the response signal SM is amplified as represented in FIG. 25. As aresult, the baseband converted component of the side-band wave signalmay be produced.

A carrier removing circuit 118 removes an ASK modulation signalcomponent from such an output signal of the amplifying circuit 114, intowhich the demodulation signal SD produced in this manner has been mixed,and then outputs the removed ASK modulation signal component. It shouldbe understood that the ASK modulation signal component is removed from alimiter output of a limiter 116 in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 24.

Also, it should be understood that with this type of amplifying circuit114, an amplifier circuit which employs a transistor and a field-effecttransistor, and a differential amplifying circuit may be utilized. Also,as the carrier removing circuit 118, a low-pass filter, a band-passfilter, and a trap filter may be applied in accordance with thefrequency band of the demodulation signal SD.

In further detail, such a circuit arrangement as indicated in FIG. 26 isapplied to the ASK demodulating circuit according to this fifthembodiment. That is to say, in the ASK demodulating circuit 120, theoutput signal SM of the loop antenna 28 is inputted via a couplingcapacitor 121 to a field-effect transistor T5.

In this case, this field-effect transistor T5 may constitute asource-grounded type amplifying circuit having a drain resistor 124, towhich a gate voltage is biased by a diode-connected field-effecttransistor T6, and resistors 122 and 123. As a result, the ASKmodulation signal SM input to the gate of the field-effect transistor T5is biased only by a predetermined voltage, so that this field-effecttransistor T5 amplifies only the input signal wave along a positivedirection.

In the fifth embodiment, since only the half wave of the input signal isamplified by setting the bias voltage so as to remove the carriercomponent, the ASK modulation signal can be demodulated by such a simplecircuit arrangement. As a consequence, this ASK demodulating circuit canbe simply and easily manufactured in the IC form in combination withother circuit blocks. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve thedemodulating circuit operable in the high efficiency.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Sixth Embodiment

As shown in FIG. 27 in contrast with FIG. 26, there is indicatedschematic block diagram of an ASK demodulating circuit according to asixth embodiment of the present invention. In this ASK demodulatingcircuit 130, transistors T7 and T8 are used instead of the field-effecttransistors T5 and T6.

In accordance with the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 27, even whentransistors T7 and T8 are used instead of the field-effect transistorsT5 and T6, it is possible to achieve a similar effect to that of thefifth embodiment.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Seventh Embodiment

FIG. 28 is a schematic block diagram of an ASK demodulating circuitaccording to a seventh embodiment of the present invention, as shown incontrast with FIG. 26. In this ASK demodulating circuit 140 of theseventh embodiment, the ASK modulation signal SM entered via thecoupling capacitor 121 is amplified by an emitter-grounded typeamplifying circuit constructed of resistors 131 to 133, and a transistorT9, and thereafter, the amplified ASK modulation signal SM is enteredinto the carrier removing circuit 118.

Furthermore, the amplitude of the signal outputted from thisemitter-grounded type amplifying circuit is limited by a limiterconstituted by a diode 134 and a constant voltage power supply 135,which are arranged at the input terminal of this carrier removingcircuit 118. As a result, only a half wave of the amplified signalresult is input into the carrier removing circuit 118 so as to convert aside-band wave component into a baseband component.

In accordance with the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 28, even whenonly the half wave of the modulation signal is amplitude-limited on theoutput side of the amplifying circuit, it is possible to achieve asimilar effect to that of the above-described fifth embodiment.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Eighth Embodiment

FIG. 29 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK demodulating circuit utilized to an eighth embodiment of the presentinvention. In this eighth embodiment, this ASK demodulating circuit 150is applied instead of the ASK detecting circuit 49 and the low-passfilter 50 (see FIG. 8).

This ASK demodulating circuit 150 receives the output signal SM of theloop antenna 28 via the coupling capacitor 121. This output signal SM isentered into a clamping circuit 151. In this embodiment, this clampingcircuit 151 clamps the entered ASK modulation signal SM so as to apply awaveform distortion to the ASK modulation signal SM. As a result, theASK demodulating circuit 150 converts the side-band wave component ofthe ASK modulation signal SM into a baseband component.

In further detail, in the ASK demodulating circuit according to thiseighth embodiment, a circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 30 is utilized.That is, in this ASK demodulating circuit 150, the output terminal ofthe coupling capacitor 121 is grounded by using a diode D having areverse polarity in order to clamp the ASK modulation signal.

In accordance with the eighth embodiment, since the amplitude of the ASKmodulation signal is limited and the circuit arrangement is suitablymanufactured in the IC form by the grounded type diode, this amplitudelimiting means can be formed. As a consequence, this ASK demodulatingcircuit can be simply and easily manufactured in the IC form incombination with other circuit blocks. Furthermore, it is possible toachieve the demodulating circuit operable in the high efficiency.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Ninth Embodiment

FIG. 31 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK demodulating circuit according to a ninth embodiment of the presentinvention. In this ninth embodiment, this ASK demodulating circuit 160is applied instead of the ASK detecting circuit 49 and the low-passfilter 50 (see FIG. 8).

In this ASK demodulating circuit 160, the ASK modulation signal SM isentered into an amplifying circuit 161 so as to produce an ASKmodulation signal SMA having an in-phase and another ASK modulationsignal SMB having a reverse phase with respect to the phase of thefirst-mentioned ASK modulation signal SM. Then, the ASK demodulatingcircuit 160 inputs these ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB via thecoupling capacitor 121 to the clamping circuit 162. In this case, boththe ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB are clamped by the clampingcircuit 162 based on the substantially same signal level. Waveformdistortion is applied to these ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB at thesubstantially same degree.

The ASK demodulating circuit 160 inputs to a carrier removing circuits118, such ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB to which the waveformdistortion is applied and also which contain the demodulation signal SD,so that signal components of these ASK modulation signals SMA and SMBare removed. Thereafter, this ASK demodulating circuit 160 enters theoutput signals of the carrier removing circuit 118 into an addingcircuit 163. In this adding circuit 163, since these output signals areadded to each other, the cross modulation components which are containedin the demodulation signal SD by applying the waveform distortion areremoved by cancellation. Alternatively, the demodulation signal may beextracted with high efficiency by employing the averaging processoperation instead of this adding process operation.

In further detail, in the ASK demodulating circuit 160 according to thisninth embodiment, a circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 32 may beutilized. In other words, in the ASK demodulating circuit 160, the ASKmodulation signal SMA having the in-phase and the ASK modulation signalSMB having the reverse phase are clamped by the diodes D, respectively.

Furthermore, in the ASK demodulating circuit 160, the ASK modulationsignals SMA and SMB, whose amplitudes have been limited in theabove-described manner, are added to each other by an adding circuitarranged as a non-inverting amplifier circuit made of resistors 164 to166, a bias power supply 167, and an operational amplifier circuit 168.As a result, the cross modulation component is canceled together withthe ASK modulation signal component, and the demodulation signalcomponents commonly contained in the ASK modulation signals SMA and SMBto which the waveform distortion is given. Thereafter, this ASKdemodulating circuit 160 limits the frequency band by using the carrierremoving circuit 118 to thereby output the demodulating signal SD.

In accordance with the ninth embodiment, the ASK modulation signalhaving the reverse phase is clamped and the waveform distortion isapplied thereto. Thereafter, these ASK modulation signals are added toeach other so as to cancel the unwanted signal component, so that theASK modulation signal can be demodulated by the simple circuitarrangement. As a result, this ASK demodulating circuit can be simplyand readily manufactured in the IC form together with other circuitblocks, and furthermore, such a demodulating circuit operable in a highefficiency can be obtained.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Tenth Embodiment

FIG. 33 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK demodulating circuit according to a tenth embodiment of the presentinvention. In this tenth embodiment, this ASK demodulating circuit 170is applied instead of the ASK detecting circuit 49 and the low-passfilter 50 (see FIG. 8).

This ASK demodulating circuit 170 is arranged in such a manner that anASK modulation signal is balance-outputted which is detected via abalance type transformer 171 by the loop antenna 28. As a result, theASK modulation signals SMA and SMB having the phases opposite to eachother can be produced without employing the above-described amplifyingcircuit 161 in FIG. 32.

In the ASK demodulating circuit 170, one ASK modulation signal SMA isclamped by a clamping circuit constructed of diodes, the clampingpotentials of which are set to a positive polarity side and a negativepolarity side, respectively. Similarly, the other ASK modulation signalSMB is clamped by another clamping circuit constructed of diodes, theclamping potentials of which are set to the positive polarity side andthe negative polarity side, respectively.

Furthermore, with respect to the ASK demodulating circuit 170, in alow-pass filter circuit arranged by resistors 172, 173, and a capacitor174, the ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB which are clamped at theclamping potentials on the positive potential side are added to eachother by way of the resistors. The added result is entered into anon-inverting input terminal of a differential amplifying circuit 175.Similarly, in another low-pass filter circuit arranged by resistors 176,177, and a capacitor 178, the ASK modulation signals SMA and SMB whichare clamped at the clamping potentials on the negative potential sideare added to each other by way of the resistors. The added result isentered into an inverting input terminal of the differential amplifyingcircuit 175.

As a result, the ASK demodulating circuit 170 may cancel the ASKmodulation signal component, and also may extract the demodulationsignal component which is clamped to be produced.

The frequency bands of both the non-inverting output and the invertingoutput derived from this differential amplifying circuit 175 are limitedby the filters 179 and 180. As a result, after the ASK demodulatingcircuit 170 removes the ASK modulation signal component from theband-limited signal outputs, the resultant signals are added to eachother by the differential amplifying circuit 181 and then this ASKdemodulating circuit 170 outputs the added signal.

In accordance with this tenth embodiment, the balanced outputs areobtained from the antenna and then are clamped so as to demodulate theASK modulation signal. Thus, the ASK modulation signal can bedemodulated by employing the simpler circuit arrangement than that ofthe ninth embodiment.

Also, since the respective balanced outputs are clamped by the clampingcircuits, the clamping potentials of which are set to the positivepolarity side and the negative polarity side to be further processed,the ASK modulation signal can be processed with a higher efficiency thanthat of the ninth embodiment. Also, the S/N ratio of the demodulationresult can be improved.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Eleventh Embodiment

FIG. 34 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK demodulating circuit according to an eleventh embodiment of thepresent invention. In this eleventh embodiment, this ASK demodulatingcircuit 190 is applied instead of the ASK detecting circuit 49 and thelow-pass filter 50 (see FIG. 8).

This ASK demodulating circuit 190 executes a similar process operation,namely the ASK modulation signal SM is rectified by the full waverectification by such that a polarity of the ASK modulation signal SM isjudged in a polarity judging circuit 191, and then, the ASK modulationsignal SM is multiplied by this polarity judgment result in amultiplying circuit 192. As a result, the demodulating circuit 190demodulates the ASK modulation signal SM to thereby output ademodulation signal SD.

In further detail, in the ASK demodulating circuit 190 according to thiseleventh embodiment, a circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 35 is utilized.In other words, in this ASK demodulating circuit 190, the ASK modulationsignal SM is inputted via the coupling capacitor 121 to an invertingamplifying circuit 194. In this case, an input terminal of the invertingamplifying circuit 194 is connected via diodes D to the ground and thepower supply line. As a result, the inverting amplifying circuit 194outputs such a polarity signal, by which the signal level is switched toboth the positive side and the negative side in response to the polarityof the ASK modulation signal. As a consequence, the polarity judgingcircuit 191 is arranged by a limiter for amplitude-limiting the ASKmodulation signal SM on the positive side and the negative side.

The ASK demodulating circuit 190 outputs the demodulation signal SD insuch a manner that this polarity signal is multiplied by the ASKmodulation signal SM in the multiplying circuit 192, and then, themultiplication result is band-limited by the carrier removing circuit118. It should be noted in this embodiment that the multiplying circuit192 is arranged by a double balanced mixer made of the Gilbertmultiplier.

In accordance with the eleventh embodiment, since the polarity of theASK modulation signal is judged by the polarity judging circuit and thenthe judgment result is multiplied by the ASK modulation signal, thepolarity judging circuit can be made simple, and the ASK modulationsignal can be demodulated. As a result, this ASK demodulating circuitcan be simply and readily manufactured in the IC form together withother circuit blocks. Furthermore, such a demodulating circuit operablein a higher efficiency can be obtained.

Ask Demodulating Circuit of Twelfth Embodiment

FIG. 36 is a block diagram for representing a basic arrangement of anASK demodulating circuit according to an twelfth embodiment of thepresent invention. In this twelfth embodiment, this ASK demodulatingcircuit 200 is applied instead of the ASK detecting circuit 49 and thelow-pass filter 50 (see FIG. 8).

This ASK demodulating circuit 200 outputs a similar demodulation result,namely the ASK modulation signal is rectified by the full waverectification by such that a polarity of the ASK modulation signal SM isjudged in the polarity judging circuit 191, and the ASK modulationsignal SM is selectively outputted based upon this judgment result.

In other words, the demodulating circuit 200 produces an ASK modulationsignal SMA having the same phase as that of the ASK modulation signalSM, and also another ASK modulation signal SMB having a phase oppositeto that of the ASK modulation signal SM in an amplifying circuit 201.The demodulating circuit 200 intermittently outputs the ASK modulationsignal SMB having the opposite phase via a switch circuit 203 based uponthe judgment result of the polarity judging circuit 191. Furthermore,this demodulating circuit 200 intermittently outputs the ASK modulationsignal SMA having the same phase via another switch circuit 202 basedupon a reverse polarity signal of a judgment result obtained via aninverting amplifying circuit 204. As a result, this demodulating circuitalternately outputs the ASK modulation signal SMA and SMB in response tothe polarity judgment result so as to full-wave-rectify the ASKmodulation signal SM.

In further detail, in the ASK demodulating circuit 20 according to thistwelfth embodiment, as represented in FIG. 37, since the polarity signalis produced by the polarity judging circuit similar to theabove-described polarity judging circuit of FIG. 35, the demodulationsignal SD is outputted.

It should be understood that, as indicated in FIG. 38, this sort ofswitch circuit 202 and 203 may be realized in such a manner that aP-channel field-effect transistor T10 is connected in parallel to anN-channel field-effect transistor T11, and gate voltages of thesetransistors T10 and T11 are varied by an inverting amplifying circuit206 in a complementary manner.

In accordance with the twelfth embodiment, since the polarity of the ASKmodulation signal is judged by the polarity judging circuit and then,the ASK modulation signals are 1-1 selectively outputted based on thisjudgment result, the polarity judging circuit can be made simple, andthe ASK modulation signal can be demodulated. As a result, this ASKdemodulating circuit can be simply and readily manufactured in the ICform together with other circuit blocks. Furthermore, such ademodulating circuit operable in a higher efficiency can be obtained.

Other Embodiments

It should be understood that the above embodiments have described such acase where the modulation signal is produced by employing the carriersignal having the same frequency. The present invention is not limitedthereto. Alternatively, a rectangular wave signal having a singlefrequency may be employed instead of the carrier signal. Also, both aphase modulation signal and a frequency modulation signal may be used soas to produce a modulation signal by way of a so-called “dualmodulation”. It should also be noted that when such a rectangular wavesignal is employed so as to produce the modulation signal, for example,the inverting amplifier circuits 60 and 71 as explained in the firstembodiment may be constituted by an inverter.

Also, in the specific arrangement of the first embodiment, the operationof the power amplifying circuit is intermittently stopped so as to gatethe carrier signal. The present invention is not limited thereto. Thatis, as previously explained in the basic arrangement, the carrier signalmay be gated by the switch circuit provided on the input side of thepower amplifying circuit. In this alternative case, the switch circuitas previously explained with reference to FIG. 38 may be employed.Furthermore, a multiplexer arranged by a digital circuit arrangement maybe used.

In addition, the output stage of the power amplifying circuit as theconcrete arrangement of the first embodiment is arranged by thefield-effect transistor. The present invention is not limited thereto.Alternatively, the output stage of the power amplifying circuit may bearranged by a bipolar type transistor.

Also, as the above-described specific arrangement of the firstembodiment, one power-amplified result having the same phase is gated,and then this gated power-amplified result is added to the otherpower-amplified result having the same phase. The present invention isnot limited thereto, for example, while one power-amplified result maybe gated, this gated power-amplified result may be subtracted from theother power-amplified result. Also, while one power-amplified resulthaving the reverse phase may be gated, the other power-amplified resultmay be added to this gated power-amplified result. Furthermore, whileone power-amplified result having the reverse phase is gated, this gatedpower-amplified result may be subtracted from the other power-amplifiedresult.

Also, in the second embodiment, the variable attenuator is arranged onthe output side of the power amplifying circuit. The present inventionis not limited thereto. Alternatively, for example, in a circuitarrangement operable by electric power received by an antenna, since animpedance of a power supply circuit is switched, a load is equivalentlyswitched on the output side of the power amplifying circuit toconstitute an attenuator.

Also, as to the specific arrangement of the second embodiment, thefield-effect transistor is used as the switching element, thepower-amplified results are attenuated. The present invention is notlimited thereto. Alternatively, this switching element may beconstituted by a bipolar type transistor, and a PIN diode.

Furthermore, in the above-explained embodiments, the IC card is operatedby the electric power of the transmission signal. The present inventionis not limited thereto. Alternatively, this IC may be operated by abattery and the like.

Also, in the above-described embodiment, the transmit data is modulatedand/or demodulated by employing the Manchester code. The presentinvention is not limited thereto. Alternatively, the inventive idea ofthe present invention may be widely applied to a case that various sortsof codes other than the Manchester code are modulated/demodulated,another case being that a data stream having multi values isamplitude-modulated, or amplitude-demodulated, and a further case beingthat an analog signal such as an audio signal is amplitude-modulated, oramplitude-demodulated.

In the above embodiments, the inventive idea of the present invention isapplied to the IC card and the IC card reader/writer. The presentinvention is not limited thereto. Alternatively, this inventive idea maybe widely applied to various transmitter apparatuses and variousreceiver apparatuses.

As previously described in detail, the first and second output signalshaving predetermined phases with respect to the input signal are addedto each other, and the added result is outputted. At least, the secondoutput signal is gated in response to the input data. Also, on theoutput side of the power amplifying circuit, the power-amplified resultsare attenuated in accordance with the input data so as to produce theamplitude-modulated signal. This circuit arrangement can be simply andreadily manufactured in the IC form together with other circuit blocks.Furthermore, it is also possible to obtain the modulating circuitoperable in the higher efficiency, the amplifying circuit applicable tothis modulating circuit, and also the transmitter apparatus with usingthis modulating circuit.

Also, since the amplitude-modulated signals are biased to be amplified,or clipped, the demodulating circuit and the receiver apparatus withusing this demodulating circuit can be simply and easily manufactured inthe IC form in combination with other circuit blocks.

Furthermore, the amplitude-modulated signals are clamped, the polaritiesof these amplitude-modulated signals are judged to multiply the polarityjudgment result by the amplitude-modulated signals, and furthermore, theamplitude-modulated signals are selectively outputted based upon thepolarity judgment results of the amplitude-modulated signals. As aresult, the demodulating circuit and the receiver apparatus with usingthis demodulating circuit can be simply and readily manufactured in theIC form together with other circuit blocks.

1-22. (canceled)
 23. An amplifying circuit in which an operation of afield-effect transistor is switched in response to an input signal so asto output a power-amplified signal of said input signal from saidfield-effect transistor, comprising: a drive circuit for switching theoperation of said field-effect transistor by applying a voltage to agate of said field-effect transistor, said voltage being higher than orequal to a source-to-drain voltage of said field-effect transistor. 24.An amplifying circuit as claimed in claim 23, wherein an output terminalis configured to present a high impedance. 25-27. (canceled)
 28. Atransmitter apparatus for amplitude-modulating input data to therebytransmit the amplitude-modulated input data, comprising: a firstmodulating circuit for producing a first amplitude-modulated signal inresponse to said input data; and a second modulating circuit forproducing a second amplitude-modulated signal made of a carrier wavehaving a phase opposite to that of said first amplitude-modulatedsignal, wherein each of said first modulating circuit and said secondmodulating circuit comprises: first signal output means for outputting afirst output signal having a first predetermined phase with respect tothat of an input signal; a second signal output means for outputting asecond output signal having a second predetermined phase with respect tothat of said input signal; gate means for gating at least said secondoutput signal; calculation means for adding, or subtracting said firstoutput signal and said second output signal; and control means forcontrolling the operation of said gate means in response to a logiclevel of input data.
 29. A transmitter apparatus foramplitude-modulating an input signal to thereby transmit theamplitude-modulated input signal, comprising: a first modulating circuitfor producing a first amplitude-modulated signal in response to saidinput signal; and a second modulating circuit for producing a secondamplitude-modulated signal made of a carrier wave having a phaseopposite to that of said first amplitude-modulated signal in response tosaid input signal, wherein each of said first modulating circuit andsaid second modulating circuit comprises: a variable attenuator providedat an output terminal of a power amplifying circuit, for attenuating apower-amplified result of said power amplifying circuit in response toan input signal.
 30. A demodulating circuit comprising: clamping meansfor clamping an input signal; and band limiting means for removing acomponent of said input signal from an output signal of said clampingmeans.
 31. A demodulating circuit as claimed in claim 30, wherein saidclamping means is configured as a grounded type diode.
 32. Ademodulating circuit as claimed in claim 30, wherein said band limitingmeans comprises to any one of a low-pass filter, a band-pass filter, anda trap filter.
 33. A demodulating circuit, comprising: signal processingmeans for producing first and second input signals having phasesdifferent from a phase of an input signal by approximately 180 degrees;first clamping circuit for clamping said first input signal; secondclamping circuit for clamping said second input signal; first bandlimiting means for removing a component of said first input signal froman output signal of said first clamping circuit; second band limitingmeans for removing a component of said second input signal from anoutput signal of said first clamping means; and calculating means foradding, or averaging an output signal of said first band limiting meansand an output signal of said second band limiting means.
 34. Ademodulating circuit as claimed in claim 33, wherein: said first andsecond clamping means are configured as a grounded type diode.
 35. Ademodulating circuit as claimed in claim 33, wherein said band limitingmeans comprises to any one of a low-pass filter, a band-pass filter, anda trap filter.
 36. A demodulating circuit, comprising: signal processingmeans for producing first and second input signals having phasesdifferent from a phase of an input signal by approximately 180 degrees;a first clamping circuit for clamping said first input signal; a secondclamping circuit for clamping said second input signal; first bandlimiting means for removing a component of said first input signal froman output signal of said first clamping circuit; and second bandlimiting means for removing a component of said second input signal froman output signal of said second clamping circuit; and calculating meansfor adding, or averaging an output signal of said first band limitingmeans and an output signal of said second band limiting means.
 37. Ademodulating circuit as claimed in claim 36, wherein said first andsecond clamping means are configured as a grounded type diode.
 38. Ademodulating circuit as claimed in claim 36, wherein said band limitingmeans comprises to any one of a low-pass filter, a band-pass filter, anda trap filter.